Shark bites, often sensationalized as unprovoked attacks, may instead be a survival instinct triggered by human actions, according to new research. An international team of scientists found that some bites are defensive reactions to perceived aggression, such as spear fishing or attempts to handle sharks. The study, published in Frontiers in Conservation Science, challenges the media’s portrayal of sharks as mindless predators and highlights the need for greater understanding of their behavior.
The research, led by Dr. Eric Clua from Université PSL, analyzed shark bite records from French Polynesia and global databases. Between 2009 and 2023, 74 bites were documented in French Polynesia, with 3 to 5% likely motivated by self-defense. These defensive bites, often superficial and non-lethal, occur without warning when sharks feel threatened. Similar behavior is observed in land predators like bears and cassowaries.
The team also examined the Global Shark Attack Files, which catalog nearly 7,000 incidents since 1863. They identified 322 cases where bites classified as “provoked” could have been defensive, aligning with the French Polynesia findings. Dr. Clua emphasized that sharks, particularly territorial species like the gray reef shark, may react disproportionately due to their survival instinct, not malice.
“Defensive bites by sharks are a reality, and the animal should not be blamed,” said Dr. Clua. “These actions are purely instinctive, and responsibility lies with humans to avoid aggressive interactions.”
The study underscores the importance of respecting sharks’ space to prevent bites. Avoiding activities like touching or cornering sharks, even during rescue attempts, can reduce risks. By reframing shark encounters as mutual interactions, the research calls for a shift in how these animals are perceived and treated.
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