A team of researchers at ETH Zurich has developed miniature replicas of lactating breast tissue in the lab, offering new insights into how human milk is produced. Led by Professor Marcy Zenobi-Wong, the study, published in Science Advances, marks a significant step toward understanding lactation-a process that remains poorly understood despite its critical role in infant nutrition.
Innovative Bioprinting Technique
The researchers used a cutting-edge method called volumetric bioprinting to create tiny structures resembling milk ducts and alveoli, where milk is produced in the breast. By shining lasers into a liquid from multiple angles, they formed 3D tissue models within seconds. The material, derived from bovine udder tissue, mimics the properties of human breast tissue.
To make the models functional, the team isolated mammary epithelial cells from human breast milk and grew them inside the printed ducts. These cells formed a dense layer and began producing key milk components, such as β-casein and milk fat globules.
A Tool for Future Research
While the lab-grown tissue doesn’t yet replicate full breast milk, it provides a valuable platform for studying lactation. “Our model is designed to help better understand the lactation process,” said Amelia Hasenauer, the study’s first author. “Many women struggle to breastfeed, and this could one day help find answers.”
The model also opens doors to investigating how medications, chemicals, or diseases like breast cancer affect lactation. Additionally, it offers an ethical alternative to invasive methods or animal experiments, as it uses cells naturally present in breast milk.
Addressing Gaps in Women’s Health
The study highlights the lack of research on female-specific health issues. Zenobi-Wong hopes their work will draw attention to neglected areas, such as endometriosis and fertility. “There are so many unanswered questions,” she said. “It all warrants more scientific attention.”
This breakthrough not only advances lactation science but also underscores the need for greater investment in women’s health research.
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